Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs)

1. Berberine and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries as resulting of enlarged ovaries, leading to hormone imbalance( excessive androgen), resulting in male pattern hair development, acne,irregular period or absence of period, weight gain and effecting fertility. It effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women.
Berberine, is a phytochemical found in the group of protoberberine group of isoquinoline alkaloids,  in many herbal plants including Oregon grape, barberry,  turmeric, goldenseal, etc.

The effects
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized of metabolic disorder associated with insulin resistance (IR). Herbal medicine has been studied throughout research community to find a little or no effect treatment with some successes. Berberine, a chemical constituent found in many herbs, has exerted its health benefits by improving improved some of the metabolic and hormonal derangements in a group of Eighty-nine subjects with PCOS and IR treated Chinese women with PCOS. When compare to metformin (MET), the phytochemical Berberine  showed decrease in waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment for IR, area under the curve of insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides as well as increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and sex hormone-binding. Other in the study of the same but in combination with Letrozole, showed the effectiveness of berberine in lowering  blood sugar levels in db/db mice and exerting anti-dyslipidemia in human. These results indicated that berberine may be considered a potential source in treating Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs).

The side effects
1. Bernerine may cause toxicity and reduced fetus weight
2. Do use berberine if you are pregnant or breastfeeding women and newborns.


References
(1) A clinical study on the short-term effect of berberine in comparison to metformin on the metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovary syndrome by Wei W, Zhao H, Wang A by Sui M, Liang K, Deng H, Ma Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Guan Y.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of Berberine on Hormonal and Metabolic Features in Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)14:32 EST 15th January 2014 | BioPortfolio
(3) Developmental toxicity evaluation of berberine in rats and mice by Jahnke GD, Price CJ, Marr MC, Myers CB, George JD.(PubMed)

2. Aloe vera gel (AVG) and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries as resulting of enlarged ovaries, leading to hormone imbalance( excessive androgen), resulting in male pattern hair development, acne,irregular period or absence of period, weight gain and effecting fertility. It effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women.
Aloe Vera is species of succulent plant in the genus Aloe, belonging to the Family Xanthorrhoeaceae, native to Sudan. It has become very popular for commercial cultivation due to its health benefits. Aloe vera has been used in herbal medicine in treating many kinds of disease, including wound, burn healing, minor skin infections, sebaceous cysts, diabetes, and elevated of cholesterol, etc. It is also one of many popular herb studied in scientific ways with some conflicted results.

The effects
In the view if certain side effects of several classes of pharmacological agents have been used to manage dyslipidemia in women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs), some researchers have been studied through the altyernative nmedicine with an aim to find a better treatment with less or no side effects. Aloe vera gel (AVG), has found to be effective in reduction in plasma triglyceride and LDL cholesterol levels, with an increase in HDL cholesterol, reversion of abnormal estrous cyclicity, glucose intolerance, and lipid metabolizing enzyme activities. Others in the study of the same but in comparison with Letrozole, showed  Aloe vera restored the estrus cyclicity, glucose sensitivity, and steroidogenic activity. Treatment combined with Letrozole  prevented the development of the PCO phenotype. These results showed a positive anti-hyperlipidemic effects and may be used in managing PCOS associated metabolic complication and restoring the ovarian steroid status.

The Side effects 1. High amount of vitamin K may reduce the effectiveness of anticogulation medicine
2. Causing additive effects for women who are under estrogen replacement therapy or taking the oral contraceptive pill.
3. It may cause stomach upset and diarrhea
4. The herb may induce lupus erythematosu due to its chemical constituent L-canavanine.

References
(1) Aloe barbadensis Mill. formulation restores lipid profile to normal in a letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model by Desai BN, Maharjan RH, Nampoothiri LP.(PubMed)
(2) Effect of Aloe barbadensis Mill. formulation on Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model by Maharjan R, Nagar PS, Nampoothiri L.(PubMed)
(3) Drug-induced lupus: an update by Vasoo S.(PubMed)


3. Tanshinones and Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs)
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is defined as endocrinologic diseases caused by undeveloped follicles clumping on the ovaries that interferes with the function of the normal ovaries as resulting of enlarged ovaries, leading to hormone imbalance( excessive androgen), resulting in male pattern hair development, acne,irregular period or absence of period, weight gain and effecting fertility. It effects over 5% of women population or 1 in 20 women.
Tanshinones, is chemical component in Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan Shen) which is a perennial plant in the genus Salvia, Native to China and Japan. The popular herb has been used in traditional Chinese medicine in treating dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, palpable tumors, angina, restlessness, insomnia, irritability, etc..

The effects

The effects of cryptotanshinone in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOs) is found to decrease excessive androgens by inhibiting steroid hormone production in the theca cells in the ovary as well as improving insulin resistance and glucose metabolism mediated by its dual regulation of key molecules during both insulin signaling and androgen synthesis within prenatally androgenized ovaries. As the results,  cryptotanshinone isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Dan Shen) may be considered as a naturally derived compound with potential to prove effective in eradicating PCOS symptomatology in women.

The Side efects
1. The herb alcoholic extract may cause severe itching, stomachache, or reduced appetite
2. Dan shen may interact with other blood thinning medicine such as warfarin, heparin, etc.
3. Consume Dan Shen with Soy or sao products can reduce the effectiveness of the herb
4. Do not use the herb in newborn, children or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without consulting first with the related field specialist
5. Etc.
References
(1) Effects of tanshinone on hyperandrogenism and the quality of life in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: protocol of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial by Shen W, Zhang Y, Li W, Cong J, Zhou Y, Ng EH, Wu X.(PubMed)
(2) Cryptotanshinone reverses reproductive and metabolic disturbances in prenatally androgenized rats via regulation of ovarian signaling mechanisms and androgen synthesis by Xinming Yang , Yuehui Zhang , Xiaoke Wu , Chun Sik Bae , Lihui Hou , Haixue Kuang , Yongyan Wang , Elisabet Stener-Victorin(American Journal of Physiology)

 

Antioxidant Melatonin and Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Melatonin supplement, a synthetic product of the vertebrate pineal gland was sfound to have significantly broader actions including oncostatic effects (Blask et al., 2002), immunesystem stimulation (Guerrero & Reiter, 2002)and anti-inflammatory functions.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption.  

The benefits
In the study to investigate melatonin's preventive action in oxidative stress in a rat model with high fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)in in adult, male, Wistar rats, Melatonin was ineffective in reverse the abnormal action of lipid accumulation and in enhancing normal lipidemic serum markers, but it enhanced the antioxidant effects by protecting the liver against the peroxidation and oxidative stress in liver tissue as well as a significant increasing of glutathione.

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The side effects of Melatonin may include nightmares, nausea, abdominal issues, an altered sleep pattern, etc.

References
(1) Melatonin as an antioxidant: biochemical mechanisms andpathophysiological implications in humans (Acta, Biochimica, Polonica)
(2) Melatonin attenuates high fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in rats by Hatzis G, Ziakas P, Kavantzas N, Triantafyllou A, Sigalas P, Andreadou I, Ioannidis K, Chatzis S, Filis K, Papalampros A, Sigala F.(PubMed) 

Peony and Non alcoholic liver disease

Mu Dan Pi or Dan Pi (Cortex Moutan Radicis) is also known as peony. The acrid, bitter and mild cool herb has been used in TCM as anti micro organism, anti inflammatory agent and to enhance circulation and immune system, etc., as it clears heat and cools the blood, clears fire of yin deficiency, clear blood stasis and rid of clots, etc., by enhancing the functions of heart, liver and kidney channels.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption.  

Ingredients 1. Paeonol
2. Paeonoside
3. Paeonolide
4. Apiopaeonoside
5. Ozypaeoniflorin
6. Benzoylpaeoniflorin
7. Benzoyl-oxypaeoniflorin
8. Gallic aid
9. 1,23,4,6-pentagalloylglucose
10. Etc.

The benefits
Peony, a very popular Chinese herb is emerging as in many studies for its Anti-inflammatory, anticoagulative, Anti-microbial and cytokine modulating effects and treatments of arthritis and asthma. In the study of the effects of peony in Non alcoholic liver disease caused by insulin resistance with Adult SD rats fed on high-fat-sugar-salt diet for 56 days, then divided randomly into nonalcoholic fatty liver model group, metformin group (0.2 g x kg(-1)) and total glucosides of paeony group. Oral administration of total glucosides of paeony group, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistence were resisted, the levels of free fatty acids (FFA), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] were decreased, HDL-C were increased, the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholinesterase (ChE) were decreased and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were decreased. Of these result, researchers suggested that paeony may consist a potential effect in protecting liver function and modulate serum lipid for the fatty liver rats caused by insulin resistance.

Side Effects 1, Do not use the herb in case of excessive menstruation, bleeding due to Yin deficiency
2. Do not use the herb in newborn, children, or if you are pregnant or breast feeding without first consulting with related field specialist
3. Etc.

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References
(1) Chinese Herbs – Mu Dan Pi or Dan Pi (Cortex Moutan Radicis)
(2) [Effects of total glucosides of paeony on enhancing insulin sensitivity and antagonizing nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats].[Article in Chinese] by Zheng LY, Pan JQ, Lv JH.(PubMed)

Phytochemical Triterpenoid and Non alcoholic liver disease

Triterpenoid is a various unsaturated hydrocarbons, found in essential oils and oleoresins of plants, including Ilex hainanensis Merr.

Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption.  

Progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to Non alcoholic liver disease is inevitable if left untreated. Ilex hainanensis Merr. is the Chinese herb used to treat for hypertension, dyslipidemia and inflammation in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCMs) and may be a potential medicine to treat Non alcoholic fatty disease. In the study to test the effect of Triterpenoid-rich fraction (TP) from Ilex hainanensis Merr. on NAFLD with Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats fed a normal diet (control) or high fat diet (NAFLD model), after 4 weeks, the high fat diet group was orally administrated TF (250 mg/kg) for another two weeks. TP not only improves the symptoms of the subjects, but also decreases the levels of triglyceride , total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, abnormality of lipid accumulation , levels of inflammation and infection and apoptosis response in the liver. Of these results, TF is found to be effective in protecting liver against NAFLD by regulating lipids metabolism and alleviating insulin resistance, inflammation and oxidative stress.

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Reference
(1) Pharmacokinetic study of major bioactive components in rats after oral administration of extract of Ilex hainanensis by high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry by Jie Yang^{a, 1}, Fang Lv^{a, 1}, Xiao-qing Chen^b, Wei-xi Cui^a, Li-hong Chen^c, Xiao-dong Wen^a, Qiang Wang^a(Science direct)
(2) Triterpenoid-rich fraction from Ilex hainanensis Merr. attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease induced by high fat diet in rats by Cui WX, Yang J, Chen XQ, Mao Q, Wei XL, Wen XD, Wang Q.(PubMed)

Bayberry Juice and Non acoholic fatty liver disease(NALFD)

Bay berry is a species of Myrica gale, genus Myrica, belonging to  the family Myricaceae. Beside many nutrients, it also consists chemical constituents of Gallic acid, quercetin hexoside, quercetin deoxyhexoside, quercetin, anthocyanins, flavonols, and elllagitannins, etc.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption. 

The benefits
Bayberry juice is one  of favorite drink among Chinese citizens. the fruits has been cultivated over 2000 years in Chinese literature for foods and medical use. Because of it recently found  to contain certain chemicals with antioxidant effects, the fruits and its juice are being promoted as healthy products for commercial profits. In folk medicine, the fruit has been used in treating jaundice, painful and colitis, diarrhea, and nausea, etc.. Its main ingredient, anthocyanins, has been found to be effective in some studies for treating cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study of 44 participants (ages 18-25 y) given 250 mL of either bayberry juice or placebo twice daily for 4 wk, Bay berry juice is found to decrease inflammation and infection, liver cell apoptosis, and death of liver tissues as well as reduction of the risk of steatosis progreeion to cause NALFD. Of that results, researchers suggested that consumption of bayberry juice for a period of 4 wk can protect against NAFLD  and its juice may be a candidate for potential prevention and treatment of  Non acoholic fatty liver disease(NALFD).

The Side effects
1. Tannins found in bayberry may induce a drying effect on the skin and allergic effect in some patients
2. Bayberry may interactive with some prescription and non prescription medicine.
3. Etc.

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References
(1) Chemical composition of clarified bayberry (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) juice sediment by Fang Z, Zhang M, Tao G, Sun Y, Sun J.(PubMed)(2) One-month strawberry-rich anthocyanin supplementation ameliorates cardiovascular risk, oxidative stress markers and platelet activation in humans.

Alvarez-Suarez JM¹, Giampieri F², Tulipani S³, Casoli T⁴, Di Stefano G⁵, González-Paramás AM⁶, Santos-Buelga C⁶, Busco F⁷, Quiles JL⁸, Cordero MD⁹, Bompadre S¹⁰, Mezzetti B¹¹, Battino M¹².(PubMed)

(3) Anthocyanins and their role in cancer prevention by Wang LS, Stoner GD.(PubMed)

(4) Effects of bayberry juice on inflammatory and apoptotic markers in young adults with features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by Guo H¹, Zhong R², Liu Y², Jiang X³, Tang X³, Li Z³, Xia M⁴, Ling W³.(PubMed)
(5) Anaphylaxis and generalized urticaria from eating Chinese bayberry fruit by Wang HY, Gao ZS, Yang ZW, Shao JX, Zhao XZ, Dai Y, Van Ree R.(PubMed)

Antioxidant and Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

A free radical is any atom or molecule that has a single unpaired electron in an outer shell and highly reactive to react with other cell, which in turn, causes oxidative damage to the enzymes, other protein, unsaturated fatty acid, phospho-lipids, DNA and RNA, etc., leading to aging of the organisms, as a result of widespread damage due to set of a chain reaction auto-catalytically after attacking the lipid bilayers of the cell walls.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption.  

Antioxidants have been found to assist the body in selfrepairment of the cell damage caused by oxidative stress in balancing of the electrons. Oxidative stress is found to cause hepatic damage in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and these imbalances in some researches were found to be associated in patients with Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In a prospective study of 29 patients with NAFLD, 25 diseased controls with chronic viral hepatitis, and 23 healthy controls, lipid peroxidation are significantly increased among patients with NAFLD compared to healthy subjects, but there were no significant correlation between histological grading or staging and levels of pro and antioxidants. This study demonstrate that oxidative may be considered as a potential cause in managing patients with Non alcoholic fatty disease.

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References
(1) Oxidant stress and antioxidant status among patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

Madan K, Bhardwaj P, Thareja S, Gupta SD, Saraya A.(PubMed)

(2) [Investigation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in patients with hepatitis B virus infection and the effect of interferon-alpha plus lamivudine combination therapy on oxidative stress].[Article in Turkish. by Acar A, Görenek L, Aydin A, Eyigün CP, Eken A, Sayal A, Pahsa A.(PubMed)

 

Weight Loss and Non alcoholic liver disease

Healthy Weight loss is defined as a reduction of the total body mass for the purpose in improving heath due to related illness, including heart diseases, stroke, over expression of cholesterol, fatty liver, etc.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is defined as a condition of the fatty liver diseases as a result of accumulated of fat in the liver, not caused by abusive alcohol consumption.  

Non alcoholic fatty liver diseases is widespread in Western world with no affirmative treatment. Suggestions of most physicians of healthy diet with less in saturated  and trans fat and reduction of  patients' weight would be beneficial in management of the disease. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)has been found to be effective in treating  patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with hyperlipidemia with no adverse effects. In the study of the effect of weight reduction diet as an exclusive treatment for NAFLD, in 44 patients with NAFLD whom  received a diet including a 500 to 1000 kcal per day intake reduction as30% fat, 15% protein, and 55% carbohydrate for six months, reduction of body weight, waist circumference and decrease diastolic blood pressure are significant. Total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, ALT, AST, GGT and CK18-M30 levels were significantly decreased as well. Of these result, weight reduction diet should be considered as a therapy in managing non alcoholic liver disease.

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Optimal Health And Loose Weight

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References
(1) How Much Weight Loss is Effective on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease? by Ghaemi A, Taleban FA, Hekmatdoost A, Rafiei A, Hosseini V, Amiri Z, Homayounfar R, Fakheri H.(PubMed)
(2) Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia by Zhu FS, Liu S, Chen XM, Huang ZG, Zhang DW.(PubMed)